Approach of Psychology

Approach of Psycgology consists of:

Behavioral Approach

Behavioral approach, basically behavior is the response to the stimulus that comes. Simply can be described in the S - R model or a Stimulus - Response link. This means that behavior is like a reflex with no mental work at all.

The Cognitive Approach

The cognitive approach emphasizes that behavior is a mental process, in which the individual (organism) is active in capturing, assessing, comparing, and responding to stimuli before reacting. Individuals receive stimulus and then perform mental processes before giving reaction to the stimulus that comes. Psychoanalysis approach The Psikoanalisa approach developed by Sigmund Freud. From the 1890s until his death in 1939, an Austrian doctor named Sigmund Freud developed a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis.

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Freud's understanding of mind was based on methods of interpretation, introspection, and clinical observation, and focused on resolving subconscious conflicts, mental tensions, and other psychological disorders. Sigmund Freud believes that the lives of individuals are largely controlled by the subconscious. So much behavior is based on things that are not realized, such as desire, impulse, or encouragement. Theories about Psychoanalysis apart from being very famous, are also very controversial. This is mainly because his theory deals with topics such as sexuality and the subconscious. These topics were still considered very taboo at the time, and Freud gave the catalyst to discuss the topic openly in civilized societies. In addition, many people who reject the theory that is considered degrading human dignity.

Phenomenological approach

This phenomenological approach is more concerned with the subjective experience of the individual because the behavior is strongly influenced by the individual's view of himself and his world, the concept of himself, his self-esteem and all things concerning his awareness or actualization. This means seeing a person's behavior is always associated with a phenomenon about himself.

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Branch of Study Psychology

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Study Psychology is a broad and ambitious science, complemented by biology and neuroscience at its borders with natural sciences and complemented by sociology and anthropology at its border with social science. Some studies of psychology include:

Developmental Psychology

Is a field of psychological studies that studies human development and the factors that shape a person's behavior from birth to old age. Developmental psychology is closely related to social psychology, since most developments occur in the context of social interaction. And also closely related to the psychology of personality, because the development of individuals can form a distinctive personality of the individual.

Social Psychology

This field has 3 scopes, namely:

• studies of social influences on individual processes, for example: the study of perception, learning process motivation, attribution (nature)
• the study of individual joint processes, such as language, social attitudes, imitative behavior and others
• study of group interaction, eg leadership, power relations communication, teamwork, and competition.

Personality Psychology

Is a field of psychological studies that study human behavior in adjusting to the environment, personality psychology is closely related to developmental psychology and social psychology, because the personality is the result of individual development since childhood and how the individual itself in social interaction with the environment.

Cognitive Psychology

Is a field of psychological studies that study the ability of cognition, such as: Perception, learning process, memory skills, attention, language skills and emotions.

The Applied Area

The areas of applied psychology are the areas where psychological studies can be applied. However, unfamiliar Indonesians with specialization make this area of application confusing, for example, an educational psychologist might work on a company's HRD, or vice versa.

Educational Psychology

Educational psychology seeks to create a supportive situation for students in developing academic, socializing, and emotional skills. Which aims to shape the child mindset.

Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Industrial psychology focuses on developing, evaluating and predicting the performance of work done by individuals, whereas organizational psychology studies how an organization influences and interacts with its members.

Engineering Psychology

The application of psychology related to the interaction between man and machine to minimize human error when dealing with the machine (human error).

Clinical Psychology

Is a field of psychological studies and also the application of psychology in understanding, preventing and restoring the individual psychological state to the normal threshold.

Environmental Psychology (behavior)

Environmental psychology is the science of psychology that studies human behavior based on the influence of the environment where he lives, whether the social environment, the built environment or the natural environment. In environmental psychology is also studied about the local culture and wisdom of a place in the view of the universe that affects the attitude and mental human.

Environmental psychology deals with the human needs in everyday life, which include plants, animals, material objects, and humans. There are several things that can cause environmental stress (evironmental stress), for example, the state of the room that will trigger a person's psyche, temperature, atmosphere and nature of light. So the influence of the environment on a person's psychic can be internal, external, and transcendental.

In environmental psychology is also studied about the local culture and wisdom of a place in viewing the universe that affects the attitude and mental human. If local culture and wisdom we understand as human struggle to enhance the quality of life, then introspection will be the main core of the environmental psychology lesson.

The scope of environmental psychology is concerned not only with human, place and human behavior and experience in relation to physical setting but also about design, organization and meaning, or more specific things such as spaces, buildings, neighbors, hospitals and spaces, housing, and settings in other varied scopes. Sociology The environment is a branch of science that is very close to the psychology of the Environment. And there are types of environments in social psychology that are also widely used in environmental psychology, such as:

• Natural circles, such as: oceans, forests and so forth
• Artificial / built environment, such as: highway, pruduk and so on
• Social environment
• Modified environment
• Individual relationship with environment

Individual relationship with the environment is not just walking next door, in the sense that only the environment that has an influence on the individual, the relationship between the individual with the environment there is mutual reciprocity, the environment can affect the individual, but otherwise individuals can also affect the environment. (Walgito, Ben, 1980: 50) The individual's attitude toward the environment is as follows:

-          Individuals refuse or oppose the environment

-          Individuals accept the environment

-          Individuals are neutral

-          These attitudes can change according to individual or environmental development or both.

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Psychology: Introduction

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Psychology is one of the fields of science and applied sciences that study about behavior, mental function, and human mental process scientifically. Practitioners in psychology are called psychologists. Psychologists attempt to study the role of mental functioning in individual and group behavior, as well as to learn about the underlying physiological and neurobiological processes of behavior.

Personality Continuum Scale. According to the doctor of psychology from Switzerland, Carl Jung, there are 3 types of common personality in humans, namely Introvert, Ambievert and Extrovert.

Consumer behavior diagram. It is seen that the decision-making process of a consumer is influenced by three main facto namely marketing strategy, individual differences, and environmental factors.

Eysenck diagram. Eysenck Personality Diagram which is the development of the theory of Hippocrates.

Moral Component Connection Diagram in Character Formation. Moral is the good-bad determination of an act and human behavior. Examples: apologize, thank you, help others, devote to both parents. Character development in an educational system is the linkage between the components of characters that contain the values ​​of behavior, which can be done or acting gradually and interconnected between knowledge of behavioral values ​​with a strong attitude or emotion to execute it, whether against God, himself, fellow, environment, nation and country and the international world.

Psychology is derived from Ancient Greek: "psyche" meaning soul and "logia" which means knowledge, so that etymologically, psychology can be interpreted by the science of the study of the soul .

As part of science, psychology through a long journey. The concept of psychology can be traced back to ancient Greece. Psychology has its roots in the field of philosophy which was initiated since the time of Aristotle as the science of the soul, the science of the life force (levens beginsel). Aristotle views psychology as a science that studies the symptoms of life. The soul is the element of life (Anima), therefore every living being has a soul.  The history of psychology is in line with intellectual development in Europe, but earned its pragmatic form in the Americas.

Psychology as a science

Although there has always been a thought about the science of human learning along with the idea of ​​science that studies nature, but because of the complexity and dynamism of human beings to be understood, the new psychology was created as a science since the late 1800s when Wilhelm Wundt founded the laboratory psychology first in the world.

Wundt Laboratory

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In 1879 , Wilhelm Wundt founded the first Psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany . Characterized by the establishment of this laboratory, then the scientific method to better understand humans has been found although not yet adequate. With the establishment of this laboratory, then complete the requirement to make psychology as a science . Therefore, the establishment of Wundt laboratory is also recognized as the date of the founding of psychology as a science.

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