What's the Difference of Psychologist and Psychiatrist?

What's the Difference of Psychologist and 

Psychiatrist?

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Currently there are still many people who can not distinguish between psychologists and psychiatrists. The reason, they assume if psychologists and psychiatrists are two types of work the same, because both are related to psychological problems. Not infrequently, this is what makes a lot of people are often confused between psychologists and psychologists when wanting to consult his mental health problems.

What is the difference between a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist?

Psychologists and psychiatrists are equally tasked to help people who have mental health disorders. But in fact these two professions have different loh! Check out the complete explanation in the following article.

What is a Psychiatrist?

Psychiatrists are actually specializations of medical science. So the person who is going to become a psychiatrist must go to medical school S1 first. After finishing school and earning a general practitioner's degree, the psychiatrist will continue to undergo a four-year residency training specializing in psychiatry.

As a psychiatric physician, a psychiatrist knows everything about diagnosis and treatment that can be done for every psychological condition of every patient that tends to be complicated, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. After graduation, the psychiatrist will hold a doctor and Sp.KJ (Mental Health Specialist)

In developed countries, psychiatrists are legally and clinically the primary professional responsible for the overall mental health care of the patient. That's why psychiatrists are responsible for diagnosing a patient's mental disorders and determining which treatment to take, since their expertise focuses on chemical imbalances in the human brain. Therefore, psiakiater can provide prescription and drug therapy (pharmacotherapy), brain stimulation therapy, physical examination and laboratory in accordance with the needs of patients.

What is a Psychologist?

Psychologists did not attend medical school, but received education from psychology. To become a psychologist, a person must complete his undergraduate education in a faculty of psychology first. After that, just can continue the profession program to learn the practice of becoming a psychologist.

The psychological work closest to a psychiatrist is the clinical psychology that deals with psychiatric cases, diagnoses the patient's psychological symptoms, and performs psychotherapy as a form of treatment.

That is why, psychologists are competent to perform a series of psychological tests that will later be interpreted as an answer to a patient's problems, for example; IQ tests, talent interests, personality tests and so forth. A psychologist can not prescribe medication but focuses on psychosocial therapy for the patient's behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

Psychologists and Psychiatrists work together to provide the best therapies

Based on the above explanation, basically psychologists and psychiatrists equally explore the psychology and all things related to human development, such as the workings of the brain, emotions, feelings and thoughts. In addition, these two professions also have the same concentration of practice, in the form of handling, prevention, diagnosis, and therapy.

Psychologists and psychiatrists work together to coordinate each other in providing the best therapy for patients. Psychologists often treat patients weekly for psychosocial counseling. Similar to psychologists, psychiatrists also often do therapy to patients every week or monthly for psychotherapy or psychopharmacology. This depends on the case or problem faced by each patient and the patient's clinical needs.

Where to go if you have mental health problems?

If you complain about mental health problems, either because of depression or anxiety, you should consult a GP. The reason, the general practitioner will make an initial diagnosis related conditions that may be needed to help identify mental health problems you are facing.

In addition, general practitioners will provide psychiatrist or psychologist recommendations that suit you, based on the specific situation and type of treatment you may need. You do not need to be embarrassed to seek help. As with physical health, mental health is an important part of your life in order to live happily.

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The Conditions of the Barbie Man's Soul

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If Nikita Mirzani recently reported that she was making a Barbie-sized doll that was in the same image as her, the opposite is true of a handful of people who conjure up her body like Mattel's doll. It is Rodrigo Alves, a Brazilian-English crossbreeder who shapes himself in such a way as to match Ken, the Barbie couple.

Reported by the South China Morning Post, Alves has been testing plastic surgery since 2004. Now, the 34-year-old man has undergone 10 nasal surgery, silicone implants on the chest, buttocks tightness, and a row of other body creams.

In addition to Alves, several other names were reported to change their body shape to similar dolls like Pixee Fox, Victoria Wild, Valeria Lukyanova, and Justin Jedlica. The last mentioned person even had to undergo 340 operations to get Ken's similar appearance.

The cases above are extreme things that people do against their own body. There is nothing wrong to pour big money for the aesthetics of the body for them, but another story with the public comments. Excessive, sad, terrible, are some words that come out of critics in response to physical changes to Rodrigo Alves and other "human dolls." Furthermore, psychologists judge the implied mental impairment of plastic surgery actions as they do.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a term that refers to mental disorders related to body image. Those who suffer this feel themselves always blameworthy and trying hard to hide or correct the shortcomings. Yet according to others, the body part that he felt less is not problematic. It is considered a mental disorder because it affects the activity, the process of socializing, even lead to suicidal thoughts.

In a study published in the journal World Psychiatry, BDD patients are said to often experience fear of rejection, low self-esteem, shame, and feelings of worthless or unloved. Nearly half the patients observed in the study were said to be delusional. They assume, others will pay attention to the lack of a minor body and talk or mock it. In short, they want to look as perfect as possible in front of people.

This condition is not only experienced by people who perform extreme plastic surgery like Alves. According to Dr. Jamieson, a health expert from Harvard who practices in Hong Kong, common BDD symptoms are found everywhere, it's just that people do not always realize it. Most people assume that the person is just experiencing excessive anxiety around his body, not suffering from psychiatric disorders that require a psychic therapy.

Jamieson observes that Hong Kong people who do plastic surgery want a European-like appearance. He considers the Western culture that enters through Hollywood movies to influence the plastic surgery obsession of the Hong Kong people.

From the opinion of Jamieson it can be understood that BDD is not just a mental thing that becomes a limited affair of certain people. There are cultural issues that then have implications for the physical person. In many countries including Indonesia, when there is a K-Pop fever, some people strive to match their performance with the idol from Korea.

Smooth faces and slim body style of girl and oriental jejaka are considered as the main goal. No matter how much money should be spent on plastic surgery, it is important that the aesthetic standards of the body be met can conform to the standards of the countries where the idols come from.

Excessive anxiety about the body that is associated with BDD is generally focused on the face, hair, skin, breast, muscle, or genitals. With regard to genitalia, it is not merely anxiety centered on size. In the book Overcoming Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach to Reclaiming Your Life (2012) is mentioned one of the subtypes of BDD: koro.

Koro is an unreasonable fear that the penis will shrink or enter into the body causing death. In women, these fears are related to other body organs such as breast or labia. Koro flourished in the Asian region, although subsequently these were also found in non-Asians.

When BDD is generally experienced by individuals only, the coro affects also family members who believe that the limbs may shrink to death. Some literature states that koro-related social and cultural contexts, which in turn, lead to symptoms of psychological disorders.

Cheng (1996) who conducted a special study on koro reported, the family of individuals who are considered to have depreciated organs often misinterpret the symptoms of the body found by the individual. As a result, beyond the desire of the individual, he was taken medication even though it was not there's something wrong with her.

BDD or extraordinary anxiety about the body can be caused by several things. First, abnormalities in brain structure. Genes also play a role against BDD. Parents who have a record with BDD may have children with similar or other mental problems such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

Finally, environmental factors. The interactions that followed-including the pressure of friendship, rejection as a child-and the exposure of ideal body standards in the mass media contributed to the growth of BDD in a person.

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Not Crying is Not Mean Men Not Sad

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Crying is a behavior that humans have had since they were first born. In many ways, crying is one way of communicating, whether inter-human, human with the surrounding, or with itself.

Initially, this form of communication is manifested in the relationship of mother and baby. When a baby is hungry, thirsty, and uncomfortable, he will cry. This habit then develops as he matures.

As adults, crying as a form of communication is manifested when humans feel uncomfortable. The condition that puts people in discomfort will trigger the rise of emotion, which is sometimes wreaked out with anger or also crying.

The condition is a form of human communication with others, to simply ask for more attention or media to make others more understanding of the intention to be conveyed. Crying can also be a form of communication with someone himself. However, crying is one way to bring someone into their own contemplative space.

From this crying phenomenon in humans, we often encounter differences in the intensity and 'ability' of crying between women and men. If viewed from the intensity, according to research Professor Ad Vingerhoets of Tilburg University, Netherlands, women cry more often than men.

"On average, women can cry 30 to 64 times a year, while men only cry six to 17 times a year," Vingerhoets said, as quoted by the Telegraph.

In his book Why Only Humans Weep, Vingerhoets also explains that there is a time difference between women and men crying. After he interviewed more than 5000 people from 37 countries, he found that 66 percent of men crying less than five minutes and 24 percent others cry for 6-15 minutes.

Unlike men, according to Vingerhoets' findings, 43 percent of women cry in less than five minutes, and 38 percent of women cry for six to 15 minutes. In addition, women who cry 16-30 minutes are two times more likely than men who cry at the same time.

Meanwhile, Anne Kreamer, in her book It's Always Personal: Emotion in the New Workplace also explains the differences between women and men in relation to the frequency of crying. Kreamer teamed up with advertising agency J. Walter Thompson in a survey of 1,200 working Americans. He found that gender affects the frequency of someone's crying.

"As many as 41 percent of women have been crying in their office last year, compared with men who are only 9 percent," said Kreamer.

Is gender difference a scientific reason to explain the phenomenon?

Parvizi in the journal Nature Neuroscience explains what happens when humans cry. The process begins with an endocrine system that sends hormones to the ocular area to activate tears. The brain then releases the human favorite hormone, namely cortisol. This hormone makes the body want to hit people or mourn the sadness under the shower.

Usually when we are about to cry, the throat will feel uncomfortable, like sudden inflammation or there is a stone that cannot be swallowed even drinking. This symptom occurs due to the work of the hormone cortisol which also makes the throat tense.

Usually, people will feel more relieved after the tears come out through tears. This is the influence of the Leucine-Enkephalin hormone, and the endorphins that come out together with the tears coming out of the cheeks. These hormones reduce the pain and improve mood.

Associated with the 'ability' of women and men to cry, Dr. Louann Brizendine, a neuropsychiatric expert at the University of California, San Francisco, also discussed this. In addition to the cultural affairs that "boys do not cry," there are indeed biological factors. There are differences in tear gland cells between men and women.

A man has bigger tear ducts, making it stronger in holding back tears. In addition, Brizendine explains the hormone testosterone that prevents men from crying. This hormone is not owned by women.

"Men are taught not to cry, it is helped by the presence of testosterone that helps boost the threshold between emotional stimuli and tears. Louann Brizendine was quoted as saying by the Wall Street Journal.

Akintunde J. Kehinde, biochemistry researcher Kwara State University, Nigeria, in his research titled Tears Production: Implication for Health Enhancement states that the tendency to cry between men and women is almost the same before puberty.

Only after puberty will girls produce prolactin hormone 60 percent higher than men. The hormone prolactin is wrong a hormone that triggers the release of tears.

"It's no wonder that after puberty, women are four times more likely to cry than men," said Kehinde.

Dr. William H. Frey, neurologist and biochemist at St. Hospital. Paul also explained the association of prolactin hormone with the ability to cry. He mentioned that one of the hormones that cause tears is prolactin, which becomes a lactation catalyst. In addition to functioning in producing milk, prolactin also helps the production of tears. By the time women reach the age of 18, they have a prolactin level 50-60 percent higher than men.

"We believe this is one of the reasons women are more likely to cry," said Dr. William H. Frey, a neurologist and biochemist at St. Paul's Hospital.

The hormone prolactin is more produced women. So, it can be understood if men are more difficult to cry. Moreover, they also produce testosterone that serves to suppress tear production and emotional regulation in men.

In short, the ability of men to hold back tears is the scientific formation of the body's functional system. Therefore, crying-or-not-crying cannot be an indicator of a man's sensitivity. When a man does not cry when faced with difficulty or sadness, he is not automatically rigid, strong, or insensitive. Men cannot cry? The more precise is: men are not easy to shed tears.

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The Hidden Psychology From Failure

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"If you were not successful at first, try and try again. This is a wise sentence that has always been instilled since we were little, to be sure. But is there any scientific evidence that successive failures are positive and trigger innovation to move forward?"

Tom Pohlmann, chief strategist and value at Mu Sigma's data analysis firm, said the evidence exists. They have studied deeply the idea of ​​successive failure. "Rapid rhythm changes in the business make the company increasingly pressured to continue to innovate, new technologies can answer the challenge through the concept of innovation-as-a-way," he said.

Mu Sigma's report shows rapid and continuous failure is the best approach and the key to success in many aspects of business.

Researchers at Mu Sigma called it in his analysis as "the power of extreme experiments." They claim that science can show that failure triggers innovation in the future. This approach is widely echoed by engineers working in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and the automotive industry.

"Those at the forefront of technology must go beyond the limits," said Ray Gibbs, CEO of Haydale, a company studying materials engineering based in the UK, America and South Korea studying graphene to improve the quality of everyday materials such as inks and coatings. Gibbs believes that in order to develop successful products you should try many different ideas to finally get the final result, or in the sense of learning from failure.

Failure is not a bad thing for business. It only leads us to another thing that will happen, which if executed properly will be built on those failures, says Pohlmann. Even Apple's technology companies experienced many failures, such as portable computers, The Newton, in the early days, which was hastily stopped by Steve Jobs.

Think Back to Your Approach

"Many people still think that failure is a sign of personal incompetence and they try to avoid it as much as possible," said Andrew Filev, CEO and founder of Wrike, a software company in Mountain View, California. "But when you want to build a business as a series of experiments, you will see that failure is unavoidable in the process."

The Filev company must learn from its initial failures. "We started the business by providing project management services to other companies, but as we set up our customer projects, we came to realize that we needed tools to work better together.We built Wrinke to do it, and soon realized that this is also a problem for in other businesses as well. " The result: Filev launches an entirely new company.

Similarly, Lopo Champalimaud, CEO of Treatwell, also later changed his business. The company, which originally was a daily deals site called Wahanda, changed its shape into a beauty care booking site. "I do not know anyone can build a business that has not changed much and needs to change following it," Champalimaud said. "It would be boring if it was easy."

Of course, innovating continuously is not something new. Each design from steam train to stove has changed. "Every innovation has risks, there is always danger when trying something, that there will be failure," explains Stitian Westlake, Executive Director of NESTA, an independent organization working to improve business innovation in the UK.

Changing The Flow

For many companies, the financial crisis of 2007 then made the creative process hampered. Firms are reluctant to take risks and are more afraid of competition and time and cost pressures.

However, almost a decade later, technology companies and digital start-ups restore the spirit of the experiment on the map. A strategy assisted by technological developments - from Big Data to cloud computing - will dramatically reduce the cost of experiments. Digital economic growth means "knowledge becomes faster than ever, forcing companies to think fast and efficiently," Pohlmann said.

One area that is very important in its application is on software development. Unlike, assembling stoves or refrigerators for example, software is an industry that easily tries new things and then can send updates to consumers to fix things that are lacking. In OpenStack, a company that creates open-source software for data centers, the philosophy of "rapid and continuous failure" has shaped innovation. The company formed itself from experiments with new technology, underlining that a real breakthrough would not happen if it only followed a long-term strategy, but from a risk-taking decision.

"Think about an app on your smart phone," says Westlake from NESTA. As the cost of experiments is lower, it is quite easy to approach a "rapid and continuous failure" in the industry.

This is something that cannot be done before by a conventional hardware product. "As the industry changes with technology, there will be more profits to explore and take risks," he added.

Deprecated Before Launch

Car industry for example; "The luxury cars are outdated the minute they are delivered (to the sales department), but then you see another car company like Elon Musk's Tesla, who can keep upgrading the operating system in his cars," Westlake said. In-car operating systems, such as satellite navigation, are often outdated quickly. Now just like iPhone, car software can be easily updated remotely.

The retail, music and pharmaceutical sectors also choose this kind of walk-through approach. "It can be a troubling thing but it's actually a good thing, and it's a necessary thing," Pohlmann said. "It forces companies to undermine predetermined concepts and switch to a constant mode of experimentation and learning."

For Pohlmann, innovation is like throwing an arrow to a moving board: You can try to throw a more accurate arrow, or you can throw more to increase the probability of reaching the goal.

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How Highly Sensitive Person Personality?

People who react easily because of emotional hooking are categorized as highly sensitive person.

According to research. Elaine Aron, one of five people in the world is highly sensitive person

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A friend was seen crying while watching the segment of the elimination of a competition on television. There was a college friend who felt restless when the environment turned noisy. Once one of the co-workers felt so guilty when his boss made a scathing remark about his job, to the extent he chose to stay home and was reluctant to have fun on weekends.

There are people who have a tendency to bring a feeling aka baper. Unmitigated, former president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono during a press conference to question about wiretapping against him, responded to Twitterland-one of them with a #SBYBaper tagar. What happened to the baper?

On many occasions, these people devote their hearts to the closest relations or social media. A number of people feel fine with this, but not a few who sneer this emotion-based action.

"Do not be too heart-picked," the sentence they usually receive whenever feels slumped or disturbed after a conflict or unexpected things. The more often they hear it, the more often they confine themselves or cry in secret. Some of the women even heard the relatives whisper, "Most PMS, so sensitive so."

In fact, not only hormone changes that cause a person to become more emotional in the appeal surrounding. It is also not always synonymous with the Eve alone.

From the eyes of psychology, people who easily react because of emotional hooking is categorized as highly sensitive person. The person who is easily reacted to emotional hooking is categorized as highly sensitive person.istik is similar but not the same as empathy. In the Chakra Center website, psychologist and author of The Highly Sensitive Person, Dr. Elaine Aron (1997) defines a highly sensitive person as a person who has an awareness of the little things around her and is easier to feel overwhelmed when in an environment that really stimulates her senses.

People with high empathy are said to be sensitive to the energies around him, but he focuses his attention more on the experiences and feelings of others or in other words, share the feelings of others. Meanwhile, highly sensitive person makes himself a central attention. When faced with a tragedy experienced by a relative, the empathy will position itself in the circumstances of the relative, while the "baper" will relate the tragedy of his relative to his own life and bring this emotional situation farther than an empathyist.

Dr. Ted Zeff, a psychologist and author of The Highly Sensitive Person's Survival Guide, also expressed his understanding of the differences between these two traits, "Every sensitive person is different. It is important to remember that some people are empathetic, but not necessarily highly sensitive person. "

According to Dr. Aron, one in five people in the world is highly sensitive person. "Being a person with high sensitivity is genetic," he explained to The Telegraph.

Previously, this character was identified with shy and introverted people, but Aron's observations indicate that today extroverts can have high sensitivity. That explains why few people like to express their feelings and anxiety to the public or the people they know.

To assess whether a person is highly sensitive person or not, Dr. Aron listed a few questions on HSPerson's site, some of which are "are you easily distracted by blinding light, strong smell, rough cloth, or siren sound," "do you feel pressured when you have to do things in a short time" you avoiding violent films, "" do you have a rich and complicated life, "and" whether as a child your parent or teacher thinks you are shy and sensitive ".

Having a high sensitivity seems to bring a positive and negative effects for someone. Consideration in deciding a thing is never separated from what is felt highly sensitive person. Launched from WebMD's website, researchers from Stony Brook University, New York and Southwest University in China found the fact that people of this nature needed more time to make decisions and time alone to think.

They are also serious about remembering details like birthdays. Their study, published in the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, also points out it's not that highly sensitive people spend longer time paying attention to the photos they make as tests because they highlight the details.

In terms of relations, apparently highly sensitive people tend to fall in love with narcissistic people. Author of Overcoming Low Self-Esteem with Mindfulness, Deborah Ward, explains in the Psychology Today website that a narcissistic person often uses his or her charisma to cheat in order to get what he wants even if it will hurt others. On the other hand, when relating to a narcissistic person, a very sensitive person will think, the greater the effort to pay attention to the partner, the relationship will last them. This makes the energy of a very sensitive person precisely sucked instead of getting reciprocal attention.

In the midst of casual intercourse, highly sensitive people prefer to avoid conflict and criticism. Why? Unlike the majority of people who do not have this trait, highly sensitive person will make criticism as personal even if those who do so do not intend to attack her personally. Mismanagement, remorse and guilt will haunt highly sensitive individuals longer when troubled by problems or conflicts. Therefore, he will choose to please the people around him in the hope of avoiding the things that drop the mood or even make depression.

In the professional world, especially management level, high sensitive nature can be seen like two sides of the coin. The advantage is that people with these traits can build positive relationships with their peers, while the downside, he has the potential to be overwhelmed and depressed while working in a rare environment without criticism and input, White and Chapman (1997) writes in Organizational Communication: An Introduction to Communication and Human Relations Strategies.

Although often branded as a whiny, exaggerated, and identified with a series of other negative characteristics, a person with high sensitivity need not desperately change himself to one hundred and eighty degrees. Instead, this trait should be accepted and controlled because the weak side can be managed to be a force for certain contexts.

"If you are a highly sensitive person, you do not need to 'heal' yourself. That is your true. In the context of a particular society, being a very sensitive person is a positive thing, for example, research findings in Thailand and India are relatively acceptable to people of this nature, "Dr. Zeff.

It is important for a person to recognize the qualities within him, and furthermore, accept it as the part that makes it authentic. When around consider this property to carry a significant constraint, no need to hastily cursed themselves. It may only be necessary to control this trait, or it is not possible, the pool is not the right pool for him.

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25 Psychological Facts That Help You Recognize More

25 Psychological Facts That Help You 

Recognize More

Learning something about the character of yourself is always fun. Understanding the psychological facts about our behavior and habits, can be an entertaining and educating thing. Well, know it's not behind our habits turns out there is a meaning you know.

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And these are 25 psychological facts that can help us to recognize the character of ourselves and others. Check it out!

1. Any friendship woven at the age of 18 to 28 years is more likely to last forever.
2. Women generally prefer men with a hoarse voice because it sounds more confident, masculine and aggressive.
3. The person who gives the best advice is usually the one who has the most problems.
4. The smarter a person is, the faster his way of thinking, and the messier his writing will be.
5. Our emotions do not affect the way we communicate. In fact, the way we communicate has an influence on our mood.
6. The way a person treats a restaurant employee reflects his character.
7. People who easily feel guilty are better able to understand the thoughts and feelings of others.
8. Men are no funnier than women: they just joke a lot, no matter whether others like their jokes or not.
9. Shy people rarely talk about themselves, because they want to make others feel understood.
10. Women have twice as many pain receptors in their body than men and are also able to tolerate greater pain than men.
11. Listening to music with high frequency makes you more calm, calm and happy.
12. If you cannot stop thinking at night, get up and write. This will help you to sleep faster.
13. SMS "Good morning" and "Good sleep" will activate one part of the brain that is in charge of making us to feel happy.
14. Doing what scares you can actually make you happy.
15. The average time a woman can keep secret is for 47 hours 15 minutes. After that...
16. People who always try to please others are usually the most self-sufficient.
17. The happier we are, the less time we spend sleeping.
18. When you hold the hand of the person you care about, the pain you feel will diminish and your anxiety will disappear.
19. Smart people usually do not have many friends than ordinary people. The smarter a person becomes, the more selective he is in choosing friends.
20. Marrying your best friend will reduce the risk of divorce by 70 percent and will usually last forever.
21. Women who have more male friends usually more often have good moods.
22. People who can be two or more languages ​​may unconsciously change their personality when changing language.
23. Alone for a long time is as bad as smoking 15 cigarettes per day.
24. Traveling will nourish the brain and reduce the risk of heart attack and depression.
25. People will be more active when talking about what they really are interested in.

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Method of Psychology

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Some methodologies in psychology, among others, are as follows:

Statistical Method

Generally used by collecting data or materials in research and then analyzing results; that has been obtained.

Developmental Psychology Method

In Development Psychoogy Method has 2 methods, namely general methods and special methods. On this general method of approach used with longitudinal, ransverse and cross cultural approaches. From this approach seen the data obtained as a whole the development or just some aspect of it and can also see with various factors of congentinal and environmental, especially culture. While in a special method is a method to be investigated with a process tool or calculation of a careful and precis. In this approach can be used with experimental and observational approaches.

Experimental Methodology

This is done usually in the laboratory by conducting various experiments.  Researchers have complete control over the course of an experiment. That determines what will do what will be examined, when will do research, how often do the research, and so forth. In the experimental method, the nature of the subjectivity of the introspection method will be overcome. In the purely instrospect method only the self-investigator becomes the object. But on experimental instrospection the number of subjects is many, that is, people - people who are experimenting it. With the extent or the number of research subjects then the results obtained will be more objective. Research methods generally begin with the hypothesis of prediction / forecasting, branching of the theory, elaborated and formulated so that it can be tested.

Scientific Observations

On scientific observations, a matter in situations arising is not deliberate. Rather with a scientific process and spontaneously. This natural observation can be applied also to other behaviors, for example: the behavior of the people who are in the department store, the behavior of motorists on the street, the behavior of children who are playing, the behavior of people in natural disasters, and so on. 

History of Life (biographical method)

A person's life history can be an important source of data to better know the "soul" of the person, for example from his mother's story, a child who does not go to class may know that he is not less clever but his interest since childhood is in the field of music so he is not serious enough to follow the education in his school. In this method people describe the circumstances, attitudes or other attitudes about the person concerned. In this method besides having advantages also have weaknesses, that is not uncommon this method is subjective. The history of life can be arranged in two ways: the making of diaries and the reconstruction of biographies.

Interview

The interview is a question and answer of the examiner and the person being examined. In order for a person to be examined it can discover the content of his own heart, his views, his opinions etc. in such a way that the person who is interviewing can dig up all the information needed. Both the questionnaires or interviews both have similarities, but differ in the way they are presented. The advantages of interviews compared with the questionnaire are:

• In the interview if there are things that are less clear then it can be clarified
• the interviwer can adjust to the mood of the interviewee (the respondent being questioned)
• There is a direct interaction of face to face so it is expected to foster good relationships during the interview process.
• there are several interview techniques that are: free interview, directional interview, open interview and closed interview.

Questionnaire

Questionnaire is an interview in written form. All questions have been compiled in writing on the questionnaires, and the interviewee just reads the questions asked, then answers them in writing as well. The answers will be analyzed to find out what is being investigated. This questionnaire also has its advantages and disadvantages.

Psychological Examination

In the popular language psychological examination is also called psychodiagnostik or assessment Psychology. This method uses certain psychotest tools that can only be used by highly trained experts. the tools can be used to measure and to know the level of one's intelligence, the direction of one's interest, one's attitude, the personality structure of the person, and others of the person being examined. Another method of psychological examination that is individual is a personality projective test of a person shown an ambiguous stimuli and he was asked to tell it.

Method of Analysis of Works

Performed by analyzing the works such as drawings, diaries or essays that have been made. This is because the work can be considered as the originator of the state of one's soul.

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